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  <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></div> <!----></nav>  <ul class="sidebar-links"><li><div class="sidebar-group first"><p class="sidebar-heading open"><span>Makefile</span> <!----></p> <ul class="sidebar-group-items"><li><a href="/05.Engineer/tool/A4.Makefile.html#_1-介绍makefile" class="sidebar-link">1.介绍Makefile</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/05.Engineer/tool/A4.Makefile.html#_1-1-工程场景" class="sidebar-link">1.1.工程场景</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/05.Engineer/tool/A4.Makefile.html#_2-makefile-文件命名和规则" class="sidebar-link">2.Makefile 文件命名和规则</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/05.Engineer/tool/A4.Makefile.html#_3-工作原理" class="sidebar-link">3.工作原理</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"><li class="sidebar-sub-header"><a href="/05.Engineer/tool/A4.Makefile.html#增量编译-✔" class="sidebar-link">(增量编译)✔</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="/05.Engineer/tool/A4.Makefile.html#_4-变量" class="sidebar-link">4.变量</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/05.Engineer/tool/A4.Makefile.html#_5-模式匹配" class="sidebar-link">5.模式匹配</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/05.Engineer/tool/A4.Makefile.html#_6-函数" class="sidebar-link">6.函数</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li><li><a href="/05.Engineer/tool/A4.Makefile.html#参考资料" class="sidebar-link">参考资料</a><ul class="sidebar-sub-headers"></ul></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div> <div class="page"> <div class="content"><h1 id="makefile"><a href="#makefile" class="header-anchor">#</a> Makefile</h1> <h2 id="_1-介绍makefile"><a href="#_1-介绍makefile" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.介绍Makefile</h2> <p>什么是 Makefile</p> <p>一个工程中的源文件不计其数，其按类型、功能、模块分别放在若干个目录中， Makefile 文件定义了一系列的规则来指定哪些文件需要先编译，哪些文件需要后编译，哪些文件需要重新编译，甚至于进行更复杂的功能操作，因为 Makefile 文件就 像一个 Shell 脚本一样，也可以执行操作系统的命令。</p> <p>Makefile 带来的好处就是“自动化编译” ，一旦写好，只需要一个 make 命令，整 个工程完全自动编译，极大的提高了软件开发的效率。<strong>make 是一个命令工具</strong>，是<strong>一个 解释Makefile 文件中指令的命令工具</strong>，一般来说，大多数的 IDE 都有这个命令， 比如</p> <ul><li>Delphi 的 make</li> <li>Visual C++ 的 nmake</li> <li>==Linux 下 GNU 的 make==</li></ul> <h3 id="_1-1-工程场景"><a href="#_1-1-工程场景" class="header-anchor">#</a> 1.1.工程场景</h3> <ul><li>工程场景：当你调试代码的时候，遇到这样的场景，到各种路径，添加环境变量
<ul><li>然后编译的时候一堆的选项，并且生成一堆文件，如何解决麻烦？makefile✔</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code><span class="token variable">$gcc</span> -g -gdwarf-2 -Os -fno-pic -fno-builtin  -Wall  -nostdlib -std<span class="token operator">=</span>c99 -fno-exceptions -pipe -fno-aggressive-loop-optimizations -Winvalid-pch -fno-short-enums -S test.c
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><h2 id="_2-makefile-文件命名和规则"><a href="#_2-makefile-文件命名和规则" class="header-anchor">#</a> 2.Makefile 文件命名和规则</h2> <p>文件命名</p> <ul><li>makefile 或者 Makefile</li></ul> <p>Makefile 规则</p> <ul><li>一个 Makefile 文件中可以有一个或者多个规则</li></ul> <div class="language-makefile line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-makefile"><code><span class="token symbol">目标 ...</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 依赖 ...
命令（Shell 命令）
...
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br></div></div><ul><li>⚫ 目标：==最终要生成的文件==（伪目标除外）</li> <li>⚫ 依赖：生成目标==所需要==的文件或是目标</li> <li>⚫ 命令：通过执行命令对<strong>依赖</strong>操作生成目标（命令前必须 Tab 缩进）</li> <li>Makefile 中的其它规则一般都是为第一条规则服务的。</li></ul> <h2 id="_3-工作原理"><a href="#_3-工作原理" class="header-anchor">#</a> 3.工作原理</h2> <p>命令在执行之前，需要先检查规则中的依赖是否存在</p> <ul><li>如果存在，执行命令</li> <li>如果不存在，向下检查其它的规则，检查有没有一个规则是用来生成这个依赖的， 如果找到了，则执行该规则中的命令</li></ul> <h3 id="增量编译-✔"><a href="#增量编译-✔" class="header-anchor">#</a> (增量编译)✔</h3> <p>检测更新，在执行规则中的命令时，会比较目标和依赖文件的时间</p> <ul><li>如果依赖的时间比目标的时间晚，需要重新生成目标</li> <li>如果依赖的时间比目标的时间早，目标不需要更新，对应规则中的命令不需要被执行</li></ul> <h2 id="_4-变量"><a href="#_4-变量" class="header-anchor">#</a> 4.变量</h2> <p>◼自定义变量
变量名=变量值 var=hello	$(var)</p> <p>◼ ==预定义变量==</p> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code>AR <span class="token builtin class-name">:</span> 归档维护程序的名称，默认值为 ar			app:main.c a.c b.c
CC <span class="token builtin class-name">:</span> C 编译器的名称，默认值为 cc			gcc -c main.c a.c b.c
CXX <span class="token builtin class-name">:</span> C++ 编译器的名称，默认值为 g++
<span class="token variable">$@</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">:</span> 目标的完整名称					<span class="token comment">#自动变量只能在规则的命令中使用</span>
$<span class="token operator">&lt;</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">:</span> 第一个依赖文件的名称				app:main.c a.c b.c
$^ <span class="token builtin class-name">:</span> 所有的依赖文件				<span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">$(</span>CC<span class="token variable">)</span></span> -c $^ -o <span class="token variable">$@</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br></div></div><p>◼ 获取变量的值</p> <div class="language-ma line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-text"><code>$(变量名)
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br></div></div><h2 id="_5-模式匹配"><a href="#_5-模式匹配" class="header-anchor">#</a> 5.模式匹配</h2> <div class="language-makefile line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-makefile"><code><span class="token symbol">add.o</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>add.c
gcc -c add.c

<span class="token symbol">div.o</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>div.c			%.o<span class="token punctuation">:</span>%.c
gcc -c div.c
<span class="token symbol">sub.o</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>sub.c
gcc -c sub.c
<span class="token symbol">mult.o</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>mult.c
gcc -c mult.c
<span class="token symbol">main.o</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>main.c
gcc -c main.c

<span class="token symbol">- %</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span> 通配符，匹配一个字符串
- 两个%匹配的是同一个字符串

<span class="token symbol">%.o</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>%.c
gcc -c <span class="token variable">$&lt;</span> -o <span class="token variable">$@</span>
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br></div></div><h2 id="_6-函数"><a href="#_6-函数" class="header-anchor">#</a> 6.函数</h2> <ul><li><code>$(wildcard PATTERN...)</code></li></ul> <div class="language-bash line-numbers-mode"><pre class="language-bash"><code> 功能：获取指定目录下指定类型的文件列表

 参数：PATTERN 指的是某个或多个目录下的对应的某种类型的文件，如果有多个目录，一般使用空格间隔

 返回：得到的若干个文件的文件列表，文件名之间使用空格间隔

 示例：
<span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">$(</span>wildcard *.c ./sub/*.c<span class="token variable">)</span></span>
返回值格式: a.c b.c c.c d.c e.c f.c


<span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">$(</span>patsubst <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>pattern<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>,<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>replacement<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>,<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>text<span class="token operator">&gt;</span><span class="token variable">)</span></span>
 功能：查找<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>text<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>中的单词<span class="token punctuation">(</span>单词以“空格”、“Tab”或“回车”“换行”分隔<span class="token punctuation">)</span>是否符合模式<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>pattern<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>，如果匹配的话，则以<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>replacement<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>替换。

 <span class="token operator">&lt;</span>pattern<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>可以包括通配符<span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>%<span class="token variable">`</span></span>，表示任意长度的字串。如果<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>replacement<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>中也包含<span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>%<span class="token variable">`</span></span>，那么，<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>replacement<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>中的这个<span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>%<span class="token variable">`</span></span>将是<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>pattern<span class="token operator">&gt;</span>中的那个%所代表的字串。<span class="token punctuation">(</span>可以用<span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span><span class="token punctuation">\</span><span class="token variable">`</span></span>来转义，以<span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span><span class="token punctuation">\</span>%<span class="token variable">`</span></span>来表示真实含义的<span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">`</span>%<span class="token variable">`</span></span>字符<span class="token punctuation">)</span>

 返回：函数返回被替换过后的字符串

 示例：
<span class="token variable"><span class="token variable">$(</span>patsubst %.c, %.o, x.c bar.c<span class="token variable">)</span></span>
返回值格式: x.o bar.o
</code></pre> <div class="line-numbers-wrapper"><span class="line-number">1</span><br><span class="line-number">2</span><br><span class="line-number">3</span><br><span class="line-number">4</span><br><span class="line-number">5</span><br><span class="line-number">6</span><br><span class="line-number">7</span><br><span class="line-number">8</span><br><span class="line-number">9</span><br><span class="line-number">10</span><br><span class="line-number">11</span><br><span class="line-number">12</span><br><span class="line-number">13</span><br><span class="line-number">14</span><br><span class="line-number">15</span><br><span class="line-number">16</span><br><span class="line-number">17</span><br><span class="line-number">18</span><br><span class="line-number">19</span><br><span class="line-number">20</span><br><span class="line-number">21</span><br></div></div><h2 id="参考资料"><a href="#参考资料" class="header-anchor">#</a> 参考资料</h2> <ul><li>陈皓，跟我一起写Makefile
<ul><li><a href="https://seisman.github.io/how-to-write-makefile/overview.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">跟我一起写Makefile1.0<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" x="0px" y="0px" viewBox="0 0 100 100" width="15" height="15" class="icon outbound"><path fill="currentColor" d="M18.8,85.1h56l0,0c2.2,0,4-1.8,4-4v-32h-8v28h-48v-48h28v-8h-32l0,0c-2.2,0-4,1.8-4,4v56C14.8,83.3,16.6,85.1,18.8,85.1z"></path> <polygon fill="currentColor" points="45.7,48.7 51.3,54.3 77.2,28.5 77.2,37.2 85.2,37.2 85.2,14.9 62.8,14.9 62.8,22.9 71.5,22.9"></polygon></svg></a></li></ul></li> <li>nowcoder上『高性能服务器开发』笔记</li></ul></div> <div class="page-edit"><!----> <!----></div> <!----> </div> <!----></div></div>
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